Frozen out: unanswered questions about winter biology

Some unanswered questions about vaccination.

I pondered for several months over what I should write for this 100th Volume of FEMS Microbiology Letters before deciding that it might be useful to pose some questions about vaccination for which there seem to be no adequate answers. Although I have put these questions verbally to colleagues over several years, I thought that by putting the same questions in writing, it would not only help to ...

Nine unanswered questions about cytokinesis

Experiments on model systems have revealed that cytokinesis in cells with contractile rings (amoebas, fungi, and animals) depends on shared molecular mechanisms in spite of some differences that emerged during a billion years of divergent evolution. Understanding these fundamental mechanisms depends on identifying the participating proteins and characterizing the mechanisms that position the fu...

E-Learning: some unanswered questions

Traveling into Outer Space: Unanswered Questions about Fungal Extracellular Vesicles

Extracellular vesicle (EV) release in fungi was described for the first time in 2007 in the yeastlike pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans [1]. Since then, the phenomenon of EV production, which is present in all domains of life, has been observed in many different fungal species, including yeast cells and hyphae. Composition of EVs, the impact of their release on fungal pathogenesis, and their pot...

Yoga: Some Unanswered Questions

Grover et al (1994) have provided an excellent and thought provoking analysis of the usefulness of yoga in treating neurotic disorders. Some questions however remain. One criticism of psychotherapy is that the criteria for the selection of suitable candidates usually identify patients with good prognostic features-patients who may improve even without any therapeutic intervention. Another criti...